El grabado, la técnica y su evolución histórica
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Date
2019-05-21
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Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación da a conocer y entender como el grabado es una forma de arte donde se aplica técnicas creativas en la cual se va
desarrollando un diseño mediante cisuras ejecutados en tacos de madera o planchas de
metal, que luego se entintan y graban para pasar el diseño a un papel. Estas impresiones
son el reflejo de lo que el artista ha ejecutado. El grabado de originó en el oriente, en
China para ser especifico, con las imágenes de buda, y posteriormente se trasladó al Japón,
donde en el XVI se dio origen a una estética llamada Uki-yo-e, que da origen al manga en
la actualidad. El grabado llego a Europa posiblemente gracias a los árabes que trajeron
consigo, el papel, la tinta y pequeñas planchas de maderas. Sin embargo, el grabado
occidental está vinculado a la imprenta. Antiguamente los grabados cumplían diferentes
funciones tales como medios culturales y evangelizadores del pueblo, pues con el invento
de la imprenta, (que fue gracias a los conocimientos del grabado xilográfico) se podía
obtener libros ilustrados, la biblia ilustrada y estampas religiosas, también eran utilizadas
como medio de comunicación por medio de las fotos grabadas, etc.
Cuando hablamos de la técnica, existen muchas de ellas, cada una con sus métodos,
herramientas y procesos artísticos, pero mencionare a la xilografía por ser tema de mi
aplicación didáctica. La xilografía es la técnica más antigua del grabado en madera y se le
conoce como grabado a fibra o al hilo, que pertenece a finales del siglo XIV. El método de
trabajo en primer lugar es el traslado del dibujo a la madera, teniendo en cuenta la
inversión prima de la imagen una vez estampada. Después de esta, otras más como: buril,
punta seca, manera negra, aguafuerte, calcografía, litografía, etc., son técnicas que
coexistieron con la xilografía, y que durante el paso del tiempo y la creatividad de artistas
curiosos, inventaron estas nuevas técnicas llamadas calcográficas, en plano y de tamiz.
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Aportando una infinidad de posibilidades en el diseño, profundidad, estética y definición
de los grabados en la historia.
En la actualidad la tecnología convive armoniosamente con el arte, y la obra
gráfica, es un aporte notable para enriquecer el arte y la difusión de ella.
The objective of this research work reveals and understands how engraving is an art form where creative techniques are applied in which it is developing a design by means of fissures executed in wooden blocks or plates of metal, which are then inked and etched to transfer the design onto paper. These impressions they are the reflection of what the artist has executed. The engraving originated in the middle, in China to be specific, with the Buddha images, and later moved to Japan, where in the 16th century an aesthetic called Uki-yo-e originated, which gives rise to manga in the actuality. The engraving came to Europe possibly thanks to the Arabs who brought with him, the paper, the ink and small plates of wood. However, the engraving Western is linked to the printing press. Formerly the engravings fulfilled different functions such as cultural media and evangelizers of the people, because with the invention printing, (which was thanks to the knowledge of woodcut engraving) it was possible to obtain illustrated books, the illustrated bible and religious prints, were also used as a means of communication through recorded photos, etc. When we talk about technique, there are many of them, each with its own methods, artistic tools and processes, but I will mention woodcut as it is my subject didactic application. The woodcut is the oldest technique of wood engraving and it is known as fiber or thread engraving, which belongs to the late fourteenth century. The method of work in the first place is the transfer of the drawing to the wood, taking into account the Premium investment of the image once stamped. After this, others more like: burin, drypoint, black way, etching, intaglio, lithography, etc., are techniques that coexisted with woodcut, and that during the passage of time and the creativity of artists curious, they invented these new techniques called chalcographic, flat and sieve. 110 Providing an infinity of possibilities in design, depth, aesthetics and definition of the engravings in history. Today technology coexists harmoniously with art, and the work graphic, is a remarkable contribution to enrich art and its dissemination.
The objective of this research work reveals and understands how engraving is an art form where creative techniques are applied in which it is developing a design by means of fissures executed in wooden blocks or plates of metal, which are then inked and etched to transfer the design onto paper. These impressions they are the reflection of what the artist has executed. The engraving originated in the middle, in China to be specific, with the Buddha images, and later moved to Japan, where in the 16th century an aesthetic called Uki-yo-e originated, which gives rise to manga in the actuality. The engraving came to Europe possibly thanks to the Arabs who brought with him, the paper, the ink and small plates of wood. However, the engraving Western is linked to the printing press. Formerly the engravings fulfilled different functions such as cultural media and evangelizers of the people, because with the invention printing, (which was thanks to the knowledge of woodcut engraving) it was possible to obtain illustrated books, the illustrated bible and religious prints, were also used as a means of communication through recorded photos, etc. When we talk about technique, there are many of them, each with its own methods, artistic tools and processes, but I will mention woodcut as it is my subject didactic application. The woodcut is the oldest technique of wood engraving and it is known as fiber or thread engraving, which belongs to the late fourteenth century. The method of work in the first place is the transfer of the drawing to the wood, taking into account the Premium investment of the image once stamped. After this, others more like: burin, drypoint, black way, etching, intaglio, lithography, etc., are techniques that coexisted with woodcut, and that during the passage of time and the creativity of artists curious, they invented these new techniques called chalcographic, flat and sieve. 110 Providing an infinity of possibilities in design, depth, aesthetics and definition of the engravings in history. Today technology coexists harmoniously with art, and the work graphic, is a remarkable contribution to enrich art and its dissemination.
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Citation
Vila Castro, M. L. (2019). El grabado, la técnica y su evolución histórica (Monografía de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima, Perú.