El modelo económico neoliberal (Bretton Woods 1944) y el Consenso de Washington (1989)
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Date
2020-04-22
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Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Abstract
El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es dar a conocer que en 1989 el profesor John Williamson que pertenecía al Instituto Internacional de Economía expuso lo que el creía las principales reformas que Washington debía tomar para restablecer el crecimiento de América Latina después de la Crisis de la Deuda, junto a quienes se consideraban en ese momento como destacados economistas, llegaron a un consenso en que se debía implementar diez instrumentos de políticas económicas, basadas en una lógica de mercado, fundamentalmente de la teoría neoclásica e ideología neoliberal, que hacía era disminuir la intervención del Estado, para que según ellos Latinoamérica saliera de la depresión económica. A este consenso se lo denomino el Consenso de Washington. Chile fue uno de los países que aplicó estas políticas, ciertamente tuvo un auge económico que fortifico la aceptación del Consenso de Washington, sobretodo en Brasil, pero es cuestionable, puesto que se emplearon en uno de los gobiernos más represivos y dictatoriales jamás conocido; en los demás países de América Latina ha sido parcialmente aceptado o simplemente han fracasado con aquellas políticas de integración regional porque consideraron ellos que se les imponían reformas que no iban de acuerdo a sus realidades aseverando también que dejaron de ser propuestas para convertirse en instrumento político.
Mi percepción, está dirigida a entender la imposible tarea que desde diferentes enfoques son adecuados o no la renuncia para consolidar aquellos mecanismos dentro de los sistemas productivos que son competitivos en el mercado internacional pero que a su vez son flexibles, reconociendo que existe insuficiencia para lograr la equidad y el bienestar social del cual se habla y que se requiere de una oferta permanente para los casos de bienes y servicios para la población en general, esto evidentemente pueden ser distribuidos por instituciones públicas, que a su vez requieran de un sistema fiscal, justo y equilibrado en favor de la población en general.
The objective of this research work is to make known that in 1989, Professor John Williamson, who belonged to the International Institute of Economics, presented what he believed to be the main reforms that Washington should take to restore growth in Latin America after the Crisis of the Crisis. Debt, together with those who were considered at that time as prominent economists, reached a consensus that ten economic policy instruments should be implemented, based on market logic, fundamentally neoclassical theory and neoliberal ideology, which was to reduce the intervention of the State, so that according to them Latin America would emerge from the economic depression. I called this consensus the Washington Consensus. Chile was one of the countries that applied these policies, it certainly had an economic boom that strengthened the acceptance of the Washington Consensus, especially in Brazil, but it is questionable, since they were used in one of the most repressive and dictatorial governments ever known; In the other Latin American countries it has been partially accepted or they have simply failed with those regional integration policies because they considered that reforms were imposed on them that were not in accordance with their realities, also asserting that they stopped being proposals and became a political instrument. My perception is aimed at understanding the impossible task that, from different approaches, renunciation is appropriate or not to consolidate those mechanisms within productive systems that are competitive in the international market but that at the same time are flexible, recognizing that there is insufficiency to achieve the equity and social well-being of which we speak and that a permanent supply is required in the cases of goods and services for the population in general, this can evidently be distributed by public institutions, which in turn require a tax system, fair and balanced in favor of the population in general.
The objective of this research work is to make known that in 1989, Professor John Williamson, who belonged to the International Institute of Economics, presented what he believed to be the main reforms that Washington should take to restore growth in Latin America after the Crisis of the Crisis. Debt, together with those who were considered at that time as prominent economists, reached a consensus that ten economic policy instruments should be implemented, based on market logic, fundamentally neoclassical theory and neoliberal ideology, which was to reduce the intervention of the State, so that according to them Latin America would emerge from the economic depression. I called this consensus the Washington Consensus. Chile was one of the countries that applied these policies, it certainly had an economic boom that strengthened the acceptance of the Washington Consensus, especially in Brazil, but it is questionable, since they were used in one of the most repressive and dictatorial governments ever known; In the other Latin American countries it has been partially accepted or they have simply failed with those regional integration policies because they considered that reforms were imposed on them that were not in accordance with their realities, also asserting that they stopped being proposals and became a political instrument. My perception is aimed at understanding the impossible task that, from different approaches, renunciation is appropriate or not to consolidate those mechanisms within productive systems that are competitive in the international market but that at the same time are flexible, recognizing that there is insufficiency to achieve the equity and social well-being of which we speak and that a permanent supply is required in the cases of goods and services for the population in general, this can evidently be distributed by public institutions, which in turn require a tax system, fair and balanced in favor of the population in general.
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Citation
Rubio Castelli, R. R. (2020). El modelo económico neoliberal (Bretton Woods 1944) y el Consenso de Washington (1989). (Monografía de pregrado) Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima, Perú.