Consecuencias de las Guerras Civiles en el Perú Colonial del siglo XVI
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Date
2022-07-05
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Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación se centra en el análisis de las consecuencias que se produjeron por efecto de las guerras civiles en el Perú colonial del siglo XVI. Previamente abordaremos las causas y los hechos de modo que se pueda tener un conocimiento holístico de los efectos producidos por el conflicto entre los primeros españoles que conquistaron y colonizaron el territorio del Tahuantinsuyo.
La invasión del Tahuantinsuyo provocó un cambio social, político y económico de modo radical en el antiguo Perú. Fue un choque dramático de dos culturas evidentemente diferentes del siglo XVI. La sociedad occidental recién llegada destruyó un imperio autónomo y su organización social; lo que dio inicio a la lenta y contradictoria construcción de una nueva sociedad, de un naciente Perú. La imposición de un perfil cultural importado sobre una sociedad indígena forjada en siglos produjo contradicciones internas, que en el corto plazo transformaron su autonomía y sucumbió al colonialismo europeo.
Con la llegada de los españoles, el deseo y afán por descubrir, por conquistar y por apoderarse de los bienes ajenos, no tuvo límites. Este sentimiento de poder, fama y prestigio, propio de su carácter señorial, se expresó de forma violenta, osada y temeraria. Así, ante la avaricia de los propios hispanos, se libraron guerras por el reparto del botín, por territorios y por el liderazgo, que a la larga fueron desfavorables para estos primeros invasores. A ello se sumó la acción de la Corona española que, con astucia desmedida e interés político premeditado, promovió contradicciones entre los conquistadores, saliendo victoriosa y disfrutando luego el usufructo de las colonias por varios siglos.
Desde antes de pisar suelo incaico, ya existían ambiciones y rencillas entre los propios conquistadores. Basta recordar la traicionera acusación contra Vasco Núñez de Balboa en 1519 por Pedro Arias Dávila, Pedrarias y Gaspar de Espinosa, gobernador y
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alcalde mayor de Castilla de Oro. Fue acusado de conspirar contra el Rey de España al pretender crear un gobierno independiente en el Mar del Sur. La ambición entre los propios españoles generó rencor, intolerancia y envidia, ya sea, por fronteras territoriales, por cargos y títulos nobiliarios, o por el botín insuficiente.
Pocos fueron los españoles que disfrutaron y gozaron la fortuna adquirida. La mayoría pagó caro el despropósito de enfrentarse unos y otros, muchos murieron en cruentas guerras y otros quedaron en la pobreza absoluta, despojados de bienes y riquezas hasta su sometimiento a las nuevas autoridades con la creación del virreinato del Perú en 1542.
En medio de estas violentas luchas, del despojo y la represión implacable, se consolidó la conquista. La represión contra la población indígena fue tan feroz como las guerras civiles que estallaron entre los conquistadores. Desde la llegada de los primeros europeos, la represión, el abuso, las nuevas enfermedades ante lo cual la población nativa no estuvo inmunizada, y por supuesto, las guerras civiles entre los conquistadores, transformó la vida social y económica del Incanato.
Si bien el interés principal de los conquistadores fue la obtención de riquezas metálicas, oro y plata, pero al no existir suficientes bienes metálicos se centraron en la posesión y el dominio territorial. Así se dio inicio a una situación generada por los conflictos territoriales que, sumado a la suspensión de los privilegios de los encomenderos, requirió por parte de la Corona del establecimiento de leyes que organizó el territorio ocupado y se envió a funcionarios para establecer el nuevo orden.
Las Nuevas Leyes de 1542 fueron influenciadas por la prédica del dominico Bartolomé de las Casas, lo que alteró el ánimo de los encomenderos y desataron nuevas guerras hasta su finalización en 1554. Posteriormente, con este traumático y violento proceso de conquista, se establecieron las bases de dominación española en el Perú.
Los protagonistas iniciales de la etapa de conquista en tiempos en que el Imperio
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Inca alcanzaba la cúspide fueron el extremeño Francisco Pizarro, Diego de Almagro y el clérigo Hernando de Luque. Estos tres personajes españoles firmaron el pacto o contrato de Panamá en 1526, de la denominada “Empresa del Levante”, con el fin de lograr el descubrimiento y conquista del reino de Birú.
Las discrepancias entre Pizarro y Almagro se iniciaron por el sinsabor que dejó en este último la Capitulación de Toledo de 1529. Inicialmente ambos socios sobrellevaron las diferencias a raíz de la lucha entre los hispánicos y las huestes incas por el control y dominio del territorio. Después, el conflicto entre estos antiguos compañeros y cómplices se dio por la posesión del Cusco, la principal ciudad inca. Así se inició la historia conocida como las Guerras Civiles entre Conquistadores (1537-1554).
Los resultados conllevaron a la muerte de los socios, un Virrey ejecutado, herederos decapitados, rebeldes alzados y luego sometidos, dolor y muerte entre pares. La historiografía recoge los registros de los primeros años de la conquista a través de los luctuosos sucesos de las guerras civiles entre conquistadores del siglo XVI.
Otro hecho fue la voracidad de los invasores hispanos que quisieron que se instituyesen las encomiendas heredables en el Perú, con posesión de indígenas y tierras en el territorio ocupado. Ello desencadenó el recelo de la Corona española que no dudó en combatirla hasta hacerla desaparecer con sangre y fuego.
La firma de la Capitulación de Toledo, en 1529, entre Francisco Pizarro y la Corona española, representada en ese momento por la reina Isabel de Portugal en ausencia de Carlos I, permitió a Pizarro a dirigir la colonización de la Provincia de Nueva Castilla (Perú). El territorio comprendía unas 200 leguas de distancia, desde el puerto de Tenimpulla o Santiago, en el litoral del actual Ecuador, hasta el poblado de Chincha, en la costa sur del actual Perú. Esta capitulación implicaba tácitamente la victoria del propio Pizarro sobre sus dos socios vigentes, aunque la Corona española les encargó a los tres a la fundación de
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nuevas ciudades en los territorios recién descubiertos.
Los conflictos militares iniciados entre pizarristas y almagristas fueron pugnas de intereses delmismo sector invasor motivadas por la repartición de las riquezas, de los tesoros, de los territorios y de las poblaciones. Fue una lucha sin ideologías de por medio, ni propuestas de modos de producción entre los bandos beligerantes. Decía Mariátegui (2007) “Los conquistadores no se ocuparon casi sino de distribuirse y disputarse el pingüe botín de guerra … se repartieron las tierras y los hombres” (p. 8).
En este sentido, con este trabajo se brinda una perspectiva de conjunto que consiste en profundizar y comprender las dimensiones que alcanzaron los hechos de esta etapa interesante para la historiografía, aunque nefasta de acuerdo al análisis integral de indagación histórica por las consecuencias funestas contra el Estado Inca y su autonomía.
The objective of this research work focuses on the analysis of the consequences that occurred as a result of the civil wars in colonial Peru of the 16th century. Previously, we will address the causes and the facts in order to have a holistic knowledge of the effects produced by the conflict between the first Spaniards who conquered and colonized the Tahuantinsuyo territory. The Tahuantinsuyo invasion caused a radical social, political and economic change in ancient Peru. It was a dramatic clash of two obviously different 16th century cultures. The newly arrived Western society destroyed an autonomous empire and its social organization; which began the slow and contradictory construction of a new society, of a nascent Peru. The imposition of an imported cultural profile on an indigenous society forged over centuries produced internal contradictions, which in the short term transformed its autonomy and succumbed to European colonialism. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the desire and eagerness to discover, to conquer and to seize other people's goods, had no limits. This feeling of power, fame and prestige, typical of his stately character, was expressed in a violent, daring and reckless way. Thus, due to the greed of the Hispanics themselves, wars were fought for the distribution of the booty, for territories and for leadership, which in the long run were unfavorable for these first invaders. Added to this was the action of the Spanish Crown, which, with excessive cunning and premeditated political interest, promoted contradictions among the conquerors, emerging victorious and later enjoying the usufruct of the colonies for several centuries. Since before stepping on Inca soil, there were already ambitions and quarrels among the conquerors themselves. Suffice it to recall the treacherous accusation against Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1519 by Pedro Arias Dávila, Pedrarias and Gaspar de Espinosa, governor and former mayor of Castilla de Oro. He was accused of conspiring against the King of Spain by attempting to create an independent government in the Sea from the south. The ambition among the Spaniards themselves generated resentment, intolerance and envy, either due to territorial borders, noble positions and titles, or insufficient booty. Few were the Spaniards who enjoyed and enjoyed the acquired fortune. The majority paid dearly for the nonsense of confronting each other, many died in bloody wars and others were left in absolute poverty, deprived of goods and wealth until their submission to the new authorities with the creation of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1542. In the midst of These violent struggles, of dispossession and relentless repression, consolidated the conquest. The repression against the indigenous population was as fierce as the civil wars that broke out between the conquerors. Since the arrival of the first Europeans, repression, abuse, new diseases to which the native population was not immunized, and of course, the civil wars between the conquerors, transformed the social and economic life of the Incas. Although the main interest of the conquerors was obtaining metallic wealth, gold and silver, but since there were not enough metallic goods, they focused on possession and territorial control. Thus began a situation generated by territorial conflicts which, added to the suspension of the privileges of the encomenderos, required the Crown to establish laws that organized the occupied territory and officials were sent to establish the new order. . The New Laws of 1542 were influenced by the preaching of the Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas, which altered the spirit of the encomenderos and unleashed new wars until their end in 1554. Later, with this traumatic and violent process of conquest, the bases were established. of Spanish rule in Peru. The initial protagonists of the conquest stage at the time when the 11th Inca Empire reached its peak were Francisco Pizarro from Extremadura, Diego de Almagro and the clergyman Hernando de Luque. These three Spanish characters signed the pact or contract of Panama in 1526, of the so-called "Empresa del Levante", in order to achieve the discovery and conquest of the kingdom of Birú. The disagreements between Pizarro and Almagro began due to the displeasure left in the latter by the Capitulation of Toledo in 1529. Initially, both partners endured the differences as a result of the fight between the Hispanics and the Inca hosts for control and domain of the territory. Later, the conflict between these former companions and accomplices arose over the possession of Cusco, the main Inca city. Thus began the history known as the Civil Wars between Conquistadors (1537-1554). The results led to the death of the partners, an executed Viceroy, beheaded heirs, rebels raised up and then subdued, pain and much
The objective of this research work focuses on the analysis of the consequences that occurred as a result of the civil wars in colonial Peru of the 16th century. Previously, we will address the causes and the facts in order to have a holistic knowledge of the effects produced by the conflict between the first Spaniards who conquered and colonized the Tahuantinsuyo territory. The Tahuantinsuyo invasion caused a radical social, political and economic change in ancient Peru. It was a dramatic clash of two obviously different 16th century cultures. The newly arrived Western society destroyed an autonomous empire and its social organization; which began the slow and contradictory construction of a new society, of a nascent Peru. The imposition of an imported cultural profile on an indigenous society forged over centuries produced internal contradictions, which in the short term transformed its autonomy and succumbed to European colonialism. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the desire and eagerness to discover, to conquer and to seize other people's goods, had no limits. This feeling of power, fame and prestige, typical of his stately character, was expressed in a violent, daring and reckless way. Thus, due to the greed of the Hispanics themselves, wars were fought for the distribution of the booty, for territories and for leadership, which in the long run were unfavorable for these first invaders. Added to this was the action of the Spanish Crown, which, with excessive cunning and premeditated political interest, promoted contradictions among the conquerors, emerging victorious and later enjoying the usufruct of the colonies for several centuries. Since before stepping on Inca soil, there were already ambitions and quarrels among the conquerors themselves. Suffice it to recall the treacherous accusation against Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1519 by Pedro Arias Dávila, Pedrarias and Gaspar de Espinosa, governor and former mayor of Castilla de Oro. He was accused of conspiring against the King of Spain by attempting to create an independent government in the Sea from the south. The ambition among the Spaniards themselves generated resentment, intolerance and envy, either due to territorial borders, noble positions and titles, or insufficient booty. Few were the Spaniards who enjoyed and enjoyed the acquired fortune. The majority paid dearly for the nonsense of confronting each other, many died in bloody wars and others were left in absolute poverty, deprived of goods and wealth until their submission to the new authorities with the creation of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1542. In the midst of These violent struggles, of dispossession and relentless repression, consolidated the conquest. The repression against the indigenous population was as fierce as the civil wars that broke out between the conquerors. Since the arrival of the first Europeans, repression, abuse, new diseases to which the native population was not immunized, and of course, the civil wars between the conquerors, transformed the social and economic life of the Incas. Although the main interest of the conquerors was obtaining metallic wealth, gold and silver, but since there were not enough metallic goods, they focused on possession and territorial control. Thus began a situation generated by territorial conflicts which, added to the suspension of the privileges of the encomenderos, required the Crown to establish laws that organized the occupied territory and officials were sent to establish the new order. . The New Laws of 1542 were influenced by the preaching of the Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas, which altered the spirit of the encomenderos and unleashed new wars until their end in 1554. Later, with this traumatic and violent process of conquest, the bases were established. of Spanish rule in Peru. The initial protagonists of the conquest stage at the time when the 11th Inca Empire reached its peak were Francisco Pizarro from Extremadura, Diego de Almagro and the clergyman Hernando de Luque. These three Spanish characters signed the pact or contract of Panama in 1526, of the so-called "Empresa del Levante", in order to achieve the discovery and conquest of the kingdom of Birú. The disagreements between Pizarro and Almagro began due to the displeasure left in the latter by the Capitulation of Toledo in 1529. Initially, both partners endured the differences as a result of the fight between the Hispanics and the Inca hosts for control and domain of the territory. Later, the conflict between these former companions and accomplices arose over the possession of Cusco, the main Inca city. Thus began the history known as the Civil Wars between Conquistadors (1537-1554). The results led to the death of the partners, an executed Viceroy, beheaded heirs, rebels raised up and then subdued, pain and much
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Citation
Llona Chacaltana, M.P. (2022). Consecuencias de las Guerras Civiles en el Perú Colonial del siglo XVI. (Monografía de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima, Perú.