La reforma universitaria. Contexto económico, social, político y su proyección histórica
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Date
2019-09-15
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Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Abstract
• América Lantina sufrió un proceso de transformación en su estructura social, económica y política, a partir de la descolonización. Vemos como surgen nuevas clases sociales que secuestraran el aparato estatal para hacerse del poder y gobernar en conjunto, logrando una “Unidad de clase” (oligarquía y burguesía insipiente). Por otro lado, esta nueva élite gobernante heredera y descendiente del virreinato, nacidos en América, despojará de sus tierras a los indígenas, amparados en su derecho por haber logrado la independencia, justificando así, su mal accionar, en nombre del progreso.
• Con respecto a la educación los cambios fueron inexistentes, se mantuvieron los mismos regímenes y los mismos privilegios de asistencia o derecho a la educación solo para la élite, Mientras que los campesinos y obreros no tenían ese privilegio. Es así como la clase gobernante se hará de las universidades en donde solo podrán estudiar sus allegados y personas de su entorno, para mantener el control ideológico y político.
• Con la llegada de los inmigrantes como fuerza aboral, el surgimiento de la clase obrera, los reclamos de los campesinos siempre ignorados y la demanda del trabajo administrativo y burocrático. Surgirá la clase media acomodada. Los hijos de esta nueva clase, necesitan educarse, muchos llegaron con hambre de conocimiento y se encontraran con universidades atadas al régimen monástico y monárquico heredado del coloniaje, además con un atraso humanístico, científico y tecnológico. Lo cual les impedirá cumplir con sus aspiraciones. Por esta razón exigirán un cambio radical, una reforma universitaria, en toda la estructura de la universidad.
• Es en esa coyuntura que se emplaza, la Reforma Universitaria de Córdova que dio origen a una amplia tendencia del activismo estudiantil. Hará que los integrantes que movilizaron los sucesos de 1918 formen parte de distintas agrupaciones estudiantiles. Ellos provenían de diversas vertientes ideológicas y se definieron como reformistas.
Ellos exigieron cambios en los Estatutos de las universidades como: la autonomía universitaria, el cogobierno, la extensión universitaria, la periodicidad de las cátedras y los concursos de oposición, entre otros.
• La Reforma Universitaria a nivel latinoamericano constituye un hito en la modernización de la educación superior, ya que esta se encontraba atrasada a su tiempo a pesar de que América latina ya se había liberado del coloniaje español. Llevándola a un analizáis exhaustivo y profundo de la situación de la enseñanza y las condiciones de los estudiantes en las universidades.
• La Reforma Universitaria de Córdova tuvo repercusiones en toda Latinoamérica. Los reformistas dirigieron sus ideales hacia todos los países hispanos, por esta razón se darán una serie de movilizaciones estudiantiles con los mismos ideales, exigiendo a sus gobiernos los cambios pertinentes para reformular la enseñanza superior. La finalidad era resolver los problemas suscitados en sus respectivas naciones, algo que los reformistas afianzarán en su compromiso solidario internacional.
• Las peticiones reformistas no se cumplieron todas al mismo tiempo, fue todo un proceso lento y exhaustivo, más iban y venían al ritmo de los gobiernos de turno, dictaduras y las democracias; con su particularidad en cada Estado. Sin embargo, en la actualidad ya se han modificado los Estatutos de las universidades en todos los países de Latinoamérica y se han cumplido todos los principios de la Reforma Universitaria.
• En cuanto a los principios que se lograron fueron muchos o todos, pero considero los más importantes: La autonomía universitaria, la libertad de cátedra, la periodicidad de los cargos, así como los accesos por concurso de los docentes y por petición de los estudiantes, el cogobierno. Sin embargo, no podemos desmerecer los otros principios los cuales son relevantes. Así mismo considero, que las fuerzas armadas, no deben tener el derecho de intervenir en los movimientos estudiantiles dentro de las universidades, porque se han registrado abusos y asesinatos de estudiantes.
• Debemos destacar la labor incansable de los reformistas por solidarizarse y hacerse parte de todos los problemas que atravesaban los países de América Latina, es así como resalto los movimientos culturales, literarios, corrientes de pensamiento propios, como el antipositivismo y los ideales de naciones más justas, revalorando las culturas indígenas, tan despreciadas por el estados virreinales y republicanos. Además de toda esta lucha en las universidades surgen ideas como el antiimperilismo, la dependencia económica y el atraso de los países latinoamericanos.
• José Carlos Mariátegui, célebre escritor y pensador latinoamericano, no estuvo ajeno a los sucesos de la reforma de 1918. Realizó un análisis crítico sobre la educación en sus tres niveles, los cuales relacionó ampliamente. También destacó la importancia y la responsabilidad, del maestro y su atraso, enfatizó en la diferencia entre el docente de la educación básica y el docente universitario. El pensador pidió no ignorar la relación directa entre la economía y la enseñanza, pide educar para transformar la realidad de un país.
• Por último, se puede señalar a la “Reforma Universitaria” como un fenómeno político, genuinamente latinoamericano, desde su momento inicial, con los aportes teóricos de los intelectuales. En el caso del Perú, tanto el Partido Socialista como el APRA, coincidieron en sus bases programáticas, y en su práctica política, en un inicio, articulando expresiones sociales articuladas con la “Internacional Comunista”, Así como las “Ligas Antiimperialistas”. De este modo, apareció un nuevo tipo de intelectual, que contribuye con el aparato partidario, comprometido con la actividad política y cultural, Con la firme intención de dar un análisis crítico de la realidad política latinoamericana, junto al accionar para transformarla, dando lugar a la reaparición de actores sociales preocupados por el orden imperante ante la reconfiguración capitalista de la sociedad y el Estado.
• Latin America underwent a process of transformation in its social, economic and political structure, starting with decolonization. We see how new social classes emerge that hijack the state apparatus to seize power and govern together, achieving a “Class Unity” (oligarchy and incipient bourgeoisie). On the other hand, this new ruling elite, heir and descendant of the viceroyalty, born in America, will strip the indigenous people of their lands, protected by their right for having achieved independence, thus justifying their bad actions, in the name of progress. • With respect to education, the changes were non-existent, the same regimes and the same privileges of assistance or right to education were maintained only for the elite, while peasants and workers did not have that privilege. This is how the ruling class will take over universities where only their loved ones and people around them can study, to maintain ideological and political control. • With the arrival of immigrants as a labor force, the emergence of the working class, the claims of the peasants always ignored and the demand for administrative and bureaucratic work. The wealthy middle class will emerge. The children of this new class need to be educated, many arrived with a hunger for knowledge and will find themselves with universities tied to the monastic and monarchical regime inherited from colonialism, in addition to a humanistic, scientific and technological backwardness. Which will prevent them from fulfilling their aspirations. For this reason they will demand a radical change, a university reform, in the entire structure of the university. • It is in this situation that the Córdova University Reform takes place, which gave rise to a broad trend of student activism. It will make the members who mobilized the events of 1918 part of different student groups. They came from various ideological backgrounds and defined themselves as reformists. They demanded changes in the Statutes of the universities such as: university autonomy, co-government, university extension, the periodicity of professorships and competitive examinations, among others. • The University Reform at the Latin American level constitutes a milestone in the modernization of higher education, since it was behind its time even though Latin America had already freed itself from Spanish colonialism. Taking it to an exhaustive and in-depth analysis of the teaching situation and the conditions of students in universities. • Córdova's University Reform had repercussions throughout Latin America. The reformists directed their ideals towards all Hispanic countries, for this reason there will be a series of student mobilizations with the same ideals, demanding from their governments the pertinent changes to reformulate higher education. The purpose was to resolve the problems that arose in their respective nations, something that the reformists will strengthen in their commitment to international solidarity. • The reformist requests were not fulfilled all at the same time, it was a slow and exhaustive process, but they came and went at the pace of the governments in power, dictatorships and democracies; with its particularity in each State. However, currently the Statutes of universities in all Latin American countries have already been modified and all the principles of the University Reform have been fulfilled. • Regarding the principles that were achieved, there were many or all of them, but I consider the most important: University autonomy, academic freedom, the periodicity of positions, as well as access through competition from teachers and at the request of students. , co-government. However, we cannot detract from the other principles which are relevant. Likewise, I believe that the armed forces should not have the right to intervene in student movements within universities, because abuses and murders of students have been recorded. • We must highlight the tireless work of the reformists to show solidarity and become part of all the problems that the countries of Latin America were going through, this is how I highlight the cultural and literary movements, currents of thought, such as anti-positivism and the ideals of more nations. fair, revaluing indigenous cultures, so despised by the viceregal and republican states. In addition to all this struggle in universities, ideas such as anti-imperilism, economic dependence and the backwardness of Latin American countries emerge. • José Carlos Mariátegui, famous Latin American writer and thinker, was not immune to the events of the reform of 1918. He carried out a critical analysis of education at its three levels, which he broadly related. He also highlighted the importance and responsibility of the teacher and his backwardness, he emphasized the difference between the teacher of the
• Latin America underwent a process of transformation in its social, economic and political structure, starting with decolonization. We see how new social classes emerge that hijack the state apparatus to seize power and govern together, achieving a “Class Unity” (oligarchy and incipient bourgeoisie). On the other hand, this new ruling elite, heir and descendant of the viceroyalty, born in America, will strip the indigenous people of their lands, protected by their right for having achieved independence, thus justifying their bad actions, in the name of progress. • With respect to education, the changes were non-existent, the same regimes and the same privileges of assistance or right to education were maintained only for the elite, while peasants and workers did not have that privilege. This is how the ruling class will take over universities where only their loved ones and people around them can study, to maintain ideological and political control. • With the arrival of immigrants as a labor force, the emergence of the working class, the claims of the peasants always ignored and the demand for administrative and bureaucratic work. The wealthy middle class will emerge. The children of this new class need to be educated, many arrived with a hunger for knowledge and will find themselves with universities tied to the monastic and monarchical regime inherited from colonialism, in addition to a humanistic, scientific and technological backwardness. Which will prevent them from fulfilling their aspirations. For this reason they will demand a radical change, a university reform, in the entire structure of the university. • It is in this situation that the Córdova University Reform takes place, which gave rise to a broad trend of student activism. It will make the members who mobilized the events of 1918 part of different student groups. They came from various ideological backgrounds and defined themselves as reformists. They demanded changes in the Statutes of the universities such as: university autonomy, co-government, university extension, the periodicity of professorships and competitive examinations, among others. • The University Reform at the Latin American level constitutes a milestone in the modernization of higher education, since it was behind its time even though Latin America had already freed itself from Spanish colonialism. Taking it to an exhaustive and in-depth analysis of the teaching situation and the conditions of students in universities. • Córdova's University Reform had repercussions throughout Latin America. The reformists directed their ideals towards all Hispanic countries, for this reason there will be a series of student mobilizations with the same ideals, demanding from their governments the pertinent changes to reformulate higher education. The purpose was to resolve the problems that arose in their respective nations, something that the reformists will strengthen in their commitment to international solidarity. • The reformist requests were not fulfilled all at the same time, it was a slow and exhaustive process, but they came and went at the pace of the governments in power, dictatorships and democracies; with its particularity in each State. However, currently the Statutes of universities in all Latin American countries have already been modified and all the principles of the University Reform have been fulfilled. • Regarding the principles that were achieved, there were many or all of them, but I consider the most important: University autonomy, academic freedom, the periodicity of positions, as well as access through competition from teachers and at the request of students. , co-government. However, we cannot detract from the other principles which are relevant. Likewise, I believe that the armed forces should not have the right to intervene in student movements within universities, because abuses and murders of students have been recorded. • We must highlight the tireless work of the reformists to show solidarity and become part of all the problems that the countries of Latin America were going through, this is how I highlight the cultural and literary movements, currents of thought, such as anti-positivism and the ideals of more nations. fair, revaluing indigenous cultures, so despised by the viceregal and republican states. In addition to all this struggle in universities, ideas such as anti-imperilism, economic dependence and the backwardness of Latin American countries emerge. • José Carlos Mariátegui, famous Latin American writer and thinker, was not immune to the events of the reform of 1918. He carried out a critical analysis of education at its three levels, which he broadly related. He also highlighted the importance and responsibility of the teacher and his backwardness, he emphasized the difference between the teacher of the
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Citation
Alarcon Yaurimo, L. R. (2019). La reforma universitaria. Contexto económico, social, político y su
proyección histórica. (Monografía de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima , Perú.