Martín Lutero. Contexto económico, social, político y cultural
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2019-12-26
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Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es dar a conocer que A finales del siglo XV Alemania continuaba siendo estrictamente medieval, donde las prácticas económicas eran feudales y el poder recaía en los nobles y clérigos, dejando en el último nivel social de desfavorecidos a la gente del campo. Federico III no pudo llevar a cabo reformas significativas en su territorio, lo cual no le permitió desarrollar a profundidad políticas sólidas frente a otras naciones. En el marco cultural Alemania reflejará manifestaciones artísticas de carácter religioso e influenciado por el gótico tardío. El contexto económico que acompañó la vida y acción de Martín Lutero durante su juventud fue el de una transición del sistema feudal al sistema capitalista, el cual permitió que se originen nuevas clases sociales e indistintos tipos de relaciones sociales en la comunidad económica. Por otro lado, en el marco político la situación entre países y regiones europeas la realidad era muy tensa y conflictiva desde los gobiernos de Maximiliano I y Carlos V o Carlos I con los príncipes alemanes, y sus demás rivalidades con los nobles romanos, el monarca de Francia y el emperador de los turcos. El escenario cultural era casi de expresión exclusivamente renacentista. La Reforma es un movimiento anticlerical y social que nace desde los planteamientos religiosos de Martín Lutero. Esta Reforma se dio a partir de abusos que cometían las autoridades eclesiásticas en contra del pueblo, sumiéndolo en condiciones míseras y serviles; por lo cual, este movimiento que nació de la crítica religiosa tomó tintes sociales donde la comunidad abatida buscó la reivindicación a sus problemas. Años después de la Reforma que se inició con la presentación de las noventa y cinco tesis por Martín Lutero, solo quedaron las insatisfacciones sociales de los grupos marginales que lucharon por liberarse del poder dominante y la división de la Iglesia en católicos y protestantes; no obstante, el poder político en el Alemania continuaría fragmentado a favor de los nobles alemanes que lograron sus consolidar sus autonomías.
The objective of this research work is to show that at the end of the 15th century Germany continued to be strictly medieval, where economic practices were feudal and power fell to the nobles and clerics, leaving people at the last social level of disadvantaged. of the field. Federico III could not carry out significant reforms in his territory, which did not allow him to develop solid policies in depth against other nations. In the cultural framework, Germany will reflect artistic manifestations of a religious nature and influenced by the late Gothic. The economic context that accompanied the life and action of Martin Luther during his youth was that of a transition from the feudal system to the capitalist system, which allowed the origin of new social classes and indistinct types of social relations in the economic community. On the other hand, in the political framework, the situation between European countries and regions was very tense and conflictive from the governments of Maximilian I and Carlos V or Carlos I with the German princes, and their other rivalries with the Roman nobles, the monarch of France and the emperor of the Turks. The cultural scene was almost exclusively Renaissance in expression. The Reformation is an anticlerical and social movement that was born from the religious approaches of Martin Luther. This Reformation was given from abuses committed by the ecclesiastical authorities against the people, plunging it into miserable and servile conditions; Therefore, this movement that was born from religious criticism took on social overtones where the dejected community sought vindication of their problems. Years after the Reformation that began with the presentation of the ninety-five theses by Martin Luther, only the social dissatisfactions of the marginal groups that fought to free themselves from the dominant power and the division of the Church into Catholics and Protestants remained; however, political power in Germany would continue to be fragmented in favor of the German nobles who managed to consolidate their autonomy.
The objective of this research work is to show that at the end of the 15th century Germany continued to be strictly medieval, where economic practices were feudal and power fell to the nobles and clerics, leaving people at the last social level of disadvantaged. of the field. Federico III could not carry out significant reforms in his territory, which did not allow him to develop solid policies in depth against other nations. In the cultural framework, Germany will reflect artistic manifestations of a religious nature and influenced by the late Gothic. The economic context that accompanied the life and action of Martin Luther during his youth was that of a transition from the feudal system to the capitalist system, which allowed the origin of new social classes and indistinct types of social relations in the economic community. On the other hand, in the political framework, the situation between European countries and regions was very tense and conflictive from the governments of Maximilian I and Carlos V or Carlos I with the German princes, and their other rivalries with the Roman nobles, the monarch of France and the emperor of the Turks. The cultural scene was almost exclusively Renaissance in expression. The Reformation is an anticlerical and social movement that was born from the religious approaches of Martin Luther. This Reformation was given from abuses committed by the ecclesiastical authorities against the people, plunging it into miserable and servile conditions; Therefore, this movement that was born from religious criticism took on social overtones where the dejected community sought vindication of their problems. Years after the Reformation that began with the presentation of the ninety-five theses by Martin Luther, only the social dissatisfactions of the marginal groups that fought to free themselves from the dominant power and the division of the Church into Catholics and Protestants remained; however, political power in Germany would continue to be fragmented in favor of the German nobles who managed to consolidate their autonomy.
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Goñi Rojas, B. M. (2019). Martín Lutero. Contexto económico, social, político y cultural (Monografía de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima, Perú.