Corriente alterna - Oscilaciones electromagnéticas. 1. Fasores y corriente alterna. 2. Diagrama de fasores. 3. Valores cuadráticos medios. 4. Circuito de c.a con una resistencia. 5. Circuito de c.a con una inductancia. 6. Circuito de c.a con un capacitor. 7. Circuito RLC en serie. 8. Impedancia y ángulo de fase. 9. Potencia de un circuito de c.a. 10. Resonancia en los circuitos de c.a. 11. Ecuaciones de Maxwell. 12. Ondas electromagnéticas planas. 13. Propiedades de las ondas electromagnéticas. 14. Energía y momentum de una onda electromagnética. 15. Espectro electromagnético.
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Date
2021-08-20
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Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es es el desarrollo y análisis de los fenómenos físicos: Corriente eléctrica y Oscilaciones Electromagnéticas.
Este tema es desarrollado en forma secuencial, desde una etapa más simple, como es la producción de corriente alterna, el comportamiento en un circuito que contiene primero una resistencia, en otro un condensador y por último una bobina, en donde se ha aplicado una corriente eléctrica.
Este trabajo analiza los desfasajes entre el voltaje aplicado y la intensidad de corriente, esto es debido a la naturaleza del elemento dispuesto en el circuito, puesto que después ya se dispone de un circuito más complejo que contiene una resistencia, un condensador y un inductor asociados en serie, en donde también se le aplica una corriente eléctrica alterna. A este circuito se le conoce como circuito RLC. En estas condiciones se tiene un nuevo voltaje y corriente debido a los elementos dispuestos, para cuyo estudio se considera las conclusiones del estudio de los anteriores circuitos y el método matemático aplicado, y se denomina Diagrama de Fasores, debido a los desfasajes obtenidos. La resistencia obtenida se denomina Impedancia, que también depende de la frecuencia de la corriente alterna, y cuando la reactancia inductiva y la reactancia capacitiva son iguales se obtiene impedancia mínima y una corriente máxima, fenómeno al cual se conoce como condición de Resonancia. En forma práctica, este fenómeno se observa cuando se sintoniza una radio, un televisor, la señal es clara y limpia.
Para ingresar al estudio de las Ondas Electromagnética hay que analizar primero las cuatro leyes de Maxwell, que son el fundamentos de ellas: el primero es la ley de Gauss, aplicado a un campo eléctrico, encerrado dentro de una superficie cerrada; de igual manera, la segunda es la ley de Gauss, aplicado a un campo magnético encerrado dentro de una superficie cerrada; luego, la tercera es la ley de Faraday, que nos demuestra que la variación de un flujo magnético tiene la capacidad de inducir una diferencia de potencial en un circuito, por ello se obtiene también una corriente en el circuito, esta ley se constituye una base en la producción de Ondas electromagnéticas; finalmente, la cuarta es la ley de Ampere-Maxwell, que establece que cuando circula corriente primero continua por un circuito, se induce un Campo Magnético alrededor de él, donde las direcciones de los campos eléctricos y magnéticos son perpendiculares,
Maxwell, posteriormente, demuestra que existe una nueva corriente denominada Corriente por desplazamiento, que se obtiene cuando a un flujo eléctrico se le aplica una corriente alterna, se obtiene un flujo eléctrico variable que a su vez tiene capacidad de inducir o generar un campo magnético variable. Con la misma frecuencia, esta nueva propuesta es la que va a producir una Onda Electromagnética, cuyos campos mutuamente se están generando, tienen la capacidad inclusive de viajar por el vacío a la velocidad de la luz.
Luego analizo las Ondas Electromagnéticas, que son ondas transversales compuestas de dos campos: el eléctrico y magnético, acoplados entre sí, en fase, perpendiculares entre sí, que viajan a la velocidad de la luz. Estas ondas tienen Energía y Momentum, que van a ser clasificadas por su longitud de onda y frecuencia, cada tipo de onda es generada por procesos físicos complejos. Todos ellos se encuentran clasificados en el ESPECTRO ELECTROMAGNÉTICO, incluyendo aun la Luz Visible.
El método empleado en la presente monografía es el Método Descriptivo, debido a la naturaleza del trabajo, tomando como referencia la bibliografía propuesta, aplicando un lenguaje matemático, como son el análisis matemático y las ecuaciones diferenciales; asimismo, he aplicado el método experimental al construir experimentos explicativos construidos con material reciclable, que expondré en la sesión de aprendizaje.
The objective of this research work is the development and analysis of physical phenomena: Electric Current and Electromagnetic Oscillations. This topic is developed sequentially, from a simpler stage, such as the production of alternating current, the behavior in a circuit that first contains a resistor, in another a capacitor and finally a coil, where a current has been applied. electrical. This work analyzes the phase shifts between the applied voltage and the current intensity, this is due to the nature of the element arranged in the circuit, since later a more complex circuit is already available that contains a resistor, a capacitor and an associated inductor. in series, where an alternating electric current is also applied. This circuit is known as an RLC circuit. In these conditions there is a new voltage and current due to the arranged elements, for whose study the conclusions of the study of the previous circuits and the applied mathematical method are considered, and it is called Phasor Diagram, due to the phase shifts obtained. The resistance obtained is called Impedance, which also depends on the frequency of the alternating current, and when the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are equal, a minimum impedance and a maximum current are obtained, a phenomenon known as Resonance condition. In a practical way, this phenomenon is observed when tuning a radio, a television, the signal is clear and clean. To enter the study of Electromagnetic Waves, it is necessary to first analyze Maxwell's four laws, which are their foundations: the first is Gauss's law, applied to an electric field, enclosed within a closed surface; Similarly, the second is Gauss's law, applied to a magnetic field enclosed within a closed surface; then, the third is Faraday's law, which shows us that the variation of a magnetic flux has the ability to induce a potential difference in a circuit, therefore a current is also obtained in the circuit, this law constitutes a basis in the production of electromagnetic waves; finally, the fourth is the Ampere-Maxwell law, which establishes that when direct current first circulates through a circuit, a Magnetic Field is induced around it, where the directions of the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular, Maxwell, later, demonstrates that there is a new current called displacement current, which is obtained when an alternating current is applied to an electric flow, a variable electric flow is obtained which in turn has the capacity to induce or generate a variable magnetic field. With the same frequency, this new proposal is the one that is going to produce an Electromagnetic Wave, whose fields are mutually generating, they even have the capacity to travel through a vacuum at the speed of light. Then I analyze Electromagnetic Waves, which are transverse waves composed of two fields: electric and magnetic, coupled to each other, in phase, perpendicular to each other, traveling at the speed of light. These waves have Energy and Momentum, which are going to be classified by their wavelength and frequency, each type of wave is generated by complex physical processes. All of them are classified in the ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM, even including Visible Light. The method used in this monograph is the Descriptive Method, due to the nature of the work, taking as reference the proposed bibliography, applying a mathematical language, such as mathematical analysis and differential equations; Likewise, I have applied the experimental method by constructing explanatory experiments built with recyclable material, which I will present in the learning session.
The objective of this research work is the development and analysis of physical phenomena: Electric Current and Electromagnetic Oscillations. This topic is developed sequentially, from a simpler stage, such as the production of alternating current, the behavior in a circuit that first contains a resistor, in another a capacitor and finally a coil, where a current has been applied. electrical. This work analyzes the phase shifts between the applied voltage and the current intensity, this is due to the nature of the element arranged in the circuit, since later a more complex circuit is already available that contains a resistor, a capacitor and an associated inductor. in series, where an alternating electric current is also applied. This circuit is known as an RLC circuit. In these conditions there is a new voltage and current due to the arranged elements, for whose study the conclusions of the study of the previous circuits and the applied mathematical method are considered, and it is called Phasor Diagram, due to the phase shifts obtained. The resistance obtained is called Impedance, which also depends on the frequency of the alternating current, and when the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are equal, a minimum impedance and a maximum current are obtained, a phenomenon known as Resonance condition. In a practical way, this phenomenon is observed when tuning a radio, a television, the signal is clear and clean. To enter the study of Electromagnetic Waves, it is necessary to first analyze Maxwell's four laws, which are their foundations: the first is Gauss's law, applied to an electric field, enclosed within a closed surface; Similarly, the second is Gauss's law, applied to a magnetic field enclosed within a closed surface; then, the third is Faraday's law, which shows us that the variation of a magnetic flux has the ability to induce a potential difference in a circuit, therefore a current is also obtained in the circuit, this law constitutes a basis in the production of electromagnetic waves; finally, the fourth is the Ampere-Maxwell law, which establishes that when direct current first circulates through a circuit, a Magnetic Field is induced around it, where the directions of the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular, Maxwell, later, demonstrates that there is a new current called displacement current, which is obtained when an alternating current is applied to an electric flow, a variable electric flow is obtained which in turn has the capacity to induce or generate a variable magnetic field. With the same frequency, this new proposal is the one that is going to produce an Electromagnetic Wave, whose fields are mutually generating, they even have the capacity to travel through a vacuum at the speed of light. Then I analyze Electromagnetic Waves, which are transverse waves composed of two fields: electric and magnetic, coupled to each other, in phase, perpendicular to each other, traveling at the speed of light. These waves have Energy and Momentum, which are going to be classified by their wavelength and frequency, each type of wave is generated by complex physical processes. All of them are classified in the ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM, even including Visible Light. The method used in this monograph is the Descriptive Method, due to the nature of the work, taking as reference the proposed bibliography, applying a mathematical language, such as mathematical analysis and differential equations; Likewise, I have applied the experimental method by constructing explanatory experiments built with recyclable material, which I will present in the learning session.
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Citation
Zavala Calle, P. M. (2021). Corriente alterna - Oscilaciones electromagnéticas. 1. Fasores y corriente alterna. 2. Diagrama de fasores. 3. Valores cuadráticos medios. 4. Circuito de c.a con una resistencia. 5. Circuito de c.a con una inductancia. 6. Circuito de c.a con un capacitor. 7. Circuito RLC en serie. 8. Impedancia y ángulo de fase. 9. Potencia de un circuito de c.a. 10. Resonancia en los circuitos de c.a. 11. Ecuaciones de Maxwell. 12. Ondas electromagnéticas planas. 13. Propiedades de las ondas electromagnéticas. 14. Energía y momentum de una onda electromagnética. 15. Espectro electromagnético (Monografía de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima, Perú.