La palabra y su estructura
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2019-09-11
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Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo de investigaciòn es explicar la palabra y su estructura, y
todos los procesos de formación que pueden tener las tres clases formales de palabras que
pasan que pasan por un proceso de formación.
Los sustantivos, adjetivos, adverbios y verbos que pertenecen a las categorías
léxicas (abiertas) cumplen con los tres niveles o rasgos para ser introducidos a la
gramática, obteniendo un significado completo y morfológico; asimismo estas dentro del
vocabulario pueden relacionarse en función de la semántica, pasan a ser sinónimos,
antónimos, polisémicos, homonímicos, paronímicos y campos semánticos. Mientras que la
categoría funcional (cerrada) donde se encuentran los pronombres, artículos,
preposiciones, conjunciones e interjecciones, son solo complementos de las categorías
léxicas, porque poseen solo significado gramatical y no propio.
La morfología analiza la composición interna de las palabras y los divide, a parte
de los lexemas o raíces, en dos clases de morfemas: Morfemas flexivos o desinenciales que
permiten agregar, a los sustantivos y adjetivos, afijos de género y cantidad; a las formas
personales del verbo añade desinencias de número, tiempo, aspecto, modo, persona, voz y
la vocal temática que señala la primera, segunda o tercera conjugación; estos morfemas no
alteran la categoría gramatical a la cual pertenecen.
La morfología lexical se utiliza para formar una infinidad de palabras nuevas,
alterando en ocasiones su base léxica, estas pueden se compuestas que se valen de muchas
formas, tales como: las yuxtapuestas (llamadas por algunos gramáticos lexías); las
derivadas usan unidades pequeñas que se agregan antes y/o después del lexema, si van
antes de la raíz, se llaman prefijos, y después de la raíz se les conoce como sufijo, un caso
particular son los infijos que se entrometen entre un sufijo y raíz o prefijo y raíz, estas solo
se usan con un motivo específico y carecen de todo toda clase de significado.
Las palabras parasintéticas son una combinación de los dos procesos ya
mencionados en los párrafos anteriores, en su formación es imprescindible un prefijo o
sufijo o ambos, pero sueltas no expresan ningún significado propio.
De todas las categorías gramaticales analizadas morfológicamente, el verbo es el
más complejo por ser muy variable en cuanto a todo lo que le concierne en la gramática.
Todas las palabras de la categoría formal e incluyendo a la preposición, ejercen
funciones en oraciones y sintagma pueden ser: nominales, adverbiales, adjetivales,
preposicionales o verbales.
Como se ha analizado, las palabras están distribuidas por categorías y la morfología
lo estudia por clases de morfemas, según los cambios que atribuyen a la palabra.
The objective of this research work is to explain the word and its structure, and all the formation processes that can have the three formal classes of words that they go through a training process. The nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs that belong to the categories lexical (open) meet the three levels or features to be introduced to the grammar, obtaining a complete and morphological meaning; You are also inside the vocabulary can be related based on semantics, they become synonyms, antonyms, polysemics, homonyms, paronyms and semantic fields. while the functional category (closed) where the pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections, are only complements of the categories lexical, because they have only grammatical meaning and not their own. Morphology analyzes the internal composition of words and divides them, apart of lexemes or roots, into two classes of morphemes: inflectional or desinential morphemes that they allow adding, to nouns and adjectives, affixes of gender and quantity; to the forms verb personal adds endings of number, tense, aspect, mood, person, voice, and the thematic vowel that signals the first, second, or third conjugation; these morphemes do not alter the grammatical category to which they belong. Lexical morphology is used to form an infinite number of new words, sometimes altering its lexical base, these can be composed that use many forms, such as: the juxtaposed (called by some grammarians lexias); the derivatives use small units that are added before and/or after the lexeme, if they go before the root, they are called prefixes, and after the root they are known as suffixes, a case particular are the infixes that interfere between a suffix and root or prefix and root, these only they are used for a specific reason and lack all kinds of meaning. Parasynthetic words are a combination of the two processes already mentioned in the previous paragraphs, in their formation a prefix or suffix or both, but loose they do not express any meaning of their own. Of all the grammatical categories analyzed morphologically, the verb is the more complex because it is very variable in terms of everything that concerns it in grammar. All the words of the formal category and including the preposition, exert functions in sentences and phrases can be: nominal, adverbial, adjectival, prepositional or verbal As has been analyzed, the words are distributed by categories and the morphology they study it by classes of morphemes, according to the changes they attribute to the word.
The objective of this research work is to explain the word and its structure, and all the formation processes that can have the three formal classes of words that they go through a training process. The nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs that belong to the categories lexical (open) meet the three levels or features to be introduced to the grammar, obtaining a complete and morphological meaning; You are also inside the vocabulary can be related based on semantics, they become synonyms, antonyms, polysemics, homonyms, paronyms and semantic fields. while the functional category (closed) where the pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections, are only complements of the categories lexical, because they have only grammatical meaning and not their own. Morphology analyzes the internal composition of words and divides them, apart of lexemes or roots, into two classes of morphemes: inflectional or desinential morphemes that they allow adding, to nouns and adjectives, affixes of gender and quantity; to the forms verb personal adds endings of number, tense, aspect, mood, person, voice, and the thematic vowel that signals the first, second, or third conjugation; these morphemes do not alter the grammatical category to which they belong. Lexical morphology is used to form an infinite number of new words, sometimes altering its lexical base, these can be composed that use many forms, such as: the juxtaposed (called by some grammarians lexias); the derivatives use small units that are added before and/or after the lexeme, if they go before the root, they are called prefixes, and after the root they are known as suffixes, a case particular are the infixes that interfere between a suffix and root or prefix and root, these only they are used for a specific reason and lack all kinds of meaning. Parasynthetic words are a combination of the two processes already mentioned in the previous paragraphs, in their formation a prefix or suffix or both, but loose they do not express any meaning of their own. Of all the grammatical categories analyzed morphologically, the verb is the more complex because it is very variable in terms of everything that concerns it in grammar. All the words of the formal category and including the preposition, exert functions in sentences and phrases can be: nominal, adverbial, adjectival, prepositional or verbal As has been analyzed, the words are distributed by categories and the morphology they study it by classes of morphemes, according to the changes they attribute to the word.
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Citation
Barros Cusi, P. Y. (2019). La palabra y su estructura (Monografía de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima, Perú.